Experimental data

Worker description	Tool	Wood species	Wood condition	Wood ID	Debitage (kg)	Time worked	Intent or method	Notes	Date	Direction of growth	Striking tool
adult female	N2 (beech)	Q	Green	GO1	N/A	<5 min	Tangentially split	Curled ends of wedge, ineffective	08/01/2015		mallet
adult female	N3 (beech)	Q	Green	GO1	N/A	<5 min	Tangentially split	Curled ends of wedge, ineffective	08/01/2015		mallet
adult female	A4	Q	Green	GO1	0.681	1h15	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Highly effective, self-sharpening tool; produces scallop marks on cut edge and "fuzzy" torn edge; chips tend to square or splinter; length = tool	08/01/2015		mallet
adult female	A1	Q	Seasoned	SOR1	0.289	45 min	Stop cuts; radially split/hollow	Chips long (=length of tool) and flat; sturdy with less splintering; cut line on wood is wavy but not scalloped	08/01/2015		mallet
adult female	B1	Q	Seasoned	N/A	N/A	<2 min	Stop cuts	Fallen log in Westwood; bone chipped after only a few blows with a seasoned beech club	08/07/2015	N/A	seasoned beech
adult male	A1	Pinus	Seasoned	SP1	0.058	10 min	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Felled tree in Westwood; antler worked very well but existing chainsaw marks overshadowed saw cuts and top half of log came off after <10 min work	08/07/2015	bottom --> top	seasoned beech club (broke in 4 pieces)
adult male	B1	Pinus	Seasoned	SP2	0.299	20 min	stop cuts; debark; tangentially split/hollow	Felled tree in Westwood (same as SP1); bone worked very well to debark tree, make stop cuts, and hollow it. Resistance was felt from the direction of working. Some small chips were coming off bone at the end of the 20 min. Green ash club worked very well.	08/07/2015	bottom --> top	green ash club
adult female	B1	Betula	Seasoned	SB1	n/a	<2 min	stop cuts	Stop cuts easily made through bark and wood	08/08/2015	bottom --> top	Holly (Ilex aquifolium) club
adult female	A1	Betula	Seasoned	SB1	0.086	10 min	Tangentially split	Wood was harder to work than thought. Very hard and chips came off shorter than stop cut made.	08/08/2015	bottom --> top	Holly (Ilex aquifolium) club
adult female	B1	Betula	Seasoned	SB1	n/a	<2 min	stop cuts	Stop cuts easily made through bark and wood	08/08/2015	top --> bottom	Holly (Ilex aquifolium) club
adult female	A1	Betula	Seasoned	SB1	0.056	10 min	Tangentially split	Wood splintered and was very hard to work. Splinters peeled up and broke.	08/08/2015	top --> bottom	Holly (Ilex aquifolium) club
female teen	B2, A6	Oak	Green	GO3A		2 hours	Tangentially split	Split area "neat and tidy"; difficult at first but found it "funner than it looks" soon after starting. Did not want to switch sides after first hour and when did found top-->bottom more difficult. Stop cuts made with B2 and wedged with A6.	15/8/2015	bottom --> top	Wooden mallet
male teen	B1, A3	Oak	Green	GO3B		2 hours	Tangentially split	Worked vigorously and by end of time had hollowed down all the way through the sample. Switched with LT after one hour and found her side considerably easier. Stop cuts made with B1 and wedged with A3.	15/8/2015	top --> bottom	wooden mallet
adult male	A4	Oak	Green	GO4B		2 hours	Tangentially split	Antler hammer more difficult than wooden mallet or club but technique worked. When switching with AC after one hour, found it difficult to abandon side due to 'ownership'. When heartwood reached found it surprisingly easier than sapwood.	15/8/2015	bottom --> top	antler hammer (large)
adult female	A1	Oak	Green	GO4A		2 hours	Tangentially split	Took awhile to get the hang of the small antler hammer and small pieces of wood were removed at a time. Eventually found it enjoyable and did not want to switch sides with GM due to sense of 'ownership' but when did found that his side was easier (bottom-->top) yet still wanted to go back to original side. Cuts and worked surface "neat and tidy" like LT.	15/8/2015	top --> bottom	antler hammer (small)
four children	A9	Oak	Seasoned	SO?	n/a	20 min	Tangentially split	Young Archaeologists' Club members (3 boys, 1 girl) ages 7-10	15/8/2015		holly mallets
adult male	TA1	Oak	Green	GO6		2 hours	Hollow	Tool was pretty dull, but either way it was not as effective and produced only tiny flakey chips for a great deal of effort.
adult male	TA1	Ash	seasoned	ASH7A		30 min	Hollow	Comparatively ineffective; no difference noted between directions	15/8/2015	bottom --> top	tranchet adzee
adult male	TA1	Ash	Seasoned	ASH7B		30 min	Hollow	Comparatively ineffective; no difference noted between directions	15/8/2015	top --> bottom	tranchet adzee
adult female	A10	Cypress	Seasoned	SC1A	0.158	30 min	Tangentially split	Large debris produced easily; knot was removed by cutting around and then knocking out.	22/8/2015	bottom --> top	Holly club
adult female	A10	Cypress	Seasoned	SC1B	0.125	30 min	Tangentially split	Large debris produced easily but perhaps less so than side A; many more knots to cut around and more difficult to remove them.	22/8/2015	top --> bottom	holly club (HC7)
adult male	A1	Ash	seasoned	SA1	0.35	30 min	Halve and hollow	Split roundwood x-section along existing crack, then hollowed circularly following rings; found it relatively easy to do by making stop cuts and then chipping out from the transverse section; "easier" still going from bottom --> top; *HC2 has "( )" indentions and fractures, a feature seen on wood at BC	22/8/2015		holly club (HC2)
adult male	A1	Oak	Seasoned	SO21	0.143	15 min	Quarter	Following rays, tried to quarter a large x-section but was only successful in removing the bark in the amount of time available	22/8/2015		holly club (HC2)
adult male/adult female	N4, N5	Ash	seasoned	SA2		45 min	Halve	Halve log along preexisting crack; success found using two beechwood wedges at once; scapula B4 not as efficient as thought	22/8/2015		holly club (HC2)
adult male		Lime	seasoned	SL1	0.397				28/8/2015
adult male	n/a	Oak	seasoned	SO22C	0.127	1 hr	Hollow	Chip away wood burned with heated flints to hollow logboat	28/8/2015		Antler pick
Adult Female	A7	Ash	Green	Ash3	0.578	20mins	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Easy to work with. Stop cuts deep and easy.		bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Female	A7	Beech	Green	Beech1	0.730	45mins	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Very solid. No large flakes taken off. Stop cuts hard to place.		bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Female	A7	Small Leaf Lime	Green	SLL3	0.398	30min	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Easy to work, nice flakes. Stop cuts easy to make.		bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Female	A3	Ash	Green	Ash1	0.381	25min	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Easy stop cuts and removal of chippings. Small damge on tool.		bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Female	A3	Small Leaf Lime	Green	SLL2	0.484	35min	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Polished edge showing on tool. Very effective and easy to use.		bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Male	A6	Ash	Green	Ash4	0.436	25min	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Deep stop cuts made making removal of bulk easier.		top --> bottom	Mallet
Adult Male	A4	Ash	Green	Ash2	0.443	30min	Stop cuts; tangentially split/hollow	Soft wood, easy to work.		top --> bottom	Mallet
Adult Female	B2	Small Leaf Lime	Green	SLL4	0.110 (A)	10min	tangentially split without stop cuts	Struggles with having a wide enough angle to break off chippings after hammered in half way		top --> bottom	Mallet
Adult Female	B2	Small Leaf Lime	Green	SLL4	0.284 (B)	20min	tangentially split without stop cuts	Pressure pushes the tool back out due to low angle of edge.		bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Female	A4	Small Leaf Lime	Green	SLL1	0.284	25min	tangentially split without stop cuts			bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Female	B2	Ash	Green	Ash3	0.382	30min	tangentially split without stop cuts	Broke tool		bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Female	TA	Oak	Green	GO6	0.010	20min	adze chipping	Not very effective, only small chips taken at any time.		top --> bottom	N/A
Adult Female	N1	Small Leaf Lime	Green	SLL5	0.438	45mins	tangentially split without stop cuts			top --> bottom	Mallet
Adult Female	N3	Ash	Green	Ash5	0.199	30min	tangentially split without stop cuts			top --> bottom	Mallet
Adult Female	A6+B2	Oak	Green	GO3A	0.173	20min	tangentially split without stop cuts			top --> bottom	Mallet
Adult Female	B1/A3	Oak	Green	GO3B	0.340	40min	tangentially split without stop cuts	B1 edge flakes off while in use. Edge still sharp but fragility of tool witnessed.		top --> bottom	Mallet
Adult Male	A1	Oak	Green	GO4A	0.178	25min	tangentially split without stop cuts			bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Male	A4	Oak	Green	GO2	0.282	20min	tangentially split without stop cuts			bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Male	A4	Oak	Green	GO4B	0.363	35min	tangentially split without stop cuts			bottom --> top	Mallet
Adult Female	TA1	Ash	Green	Ash7AB	0.010	10min	adze chipping	Not very effective, only small chips taken at any time.		bottom --> top	N/A